In 1957, descendants of the six people who had been wrongly convicted and executed but who had not been included in the bill for a reversal of attainder in 1711, or added to it in 1712, demanded that the General Court formally clear the names of their ancestral family members. Repentance was evident within the Salem Village church. Major Nathaniel Saltonstall, Esq., resigned from the court on or about June 16, presumably dissatisfied with the letter and that it had not outright barred the admission of spectral evidence. It has been used in political rhetoric and popular literature as a vivid cautionary tale about the dangers of isolationism, religious extremism, false accusations, and lapses in due process. Suspect Roger Toothaker died in prison on June 16, 1692. Answer: Researchers aren’t sure exactly why the Salem Witch Trials occurred. [101][121], In January 2016, the University of Virginia announced its project team had determined the execution site on Gallows Hill in Salem, where nineteen "witches" had been hanged in public. A." [70] A contemporary critic of the trials, Robert Calef, wrote, "Giles Corey pleaded not Guilty to his Indictment, but would not put himself upon Tryal by the Jury (they having cleared none upon Tryal) and knowing there would be the same Witnesses against him, rather chose to undergo what Death they would put him to. 9, 1718–1718, Chap. If the accused witch touched the victim while the victim was having a fit, and the fit stopped, observers believed that meant the accused was the person who had afflicted the victim. The stress of living in such a rigid and religious society on the dangerous wilderness frontier may have led these girls to convert this stress into physical symptoms. On top of that, many people at the time believed that witches were able to control the weather and destroy crops. "[88] In that day, that typically meant a Native American from the Carolinas/Georgia/Florida. [123], Most recently, the events of the Salem witch trials were interpreted in the 2018 exploitation-teen comedy film Assassination Nation, which changed the setting to the present United States and added thick social commentary in order to underline the absurdity of the actual events. Montague Summer. Their earliest impactful use as the basis for an item of popular fiction is the 1828 novel Rachel Dyer by John Neal. The Puritan-dominated Parliamentarians emerged victorious, and the Crown was supplanted by the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell in 1653. "[104] On that day, Samuel Sewall asked Rev. What the Salem witch trials can teach us in 2020 As Halloween approaches, many people’s thoughts turn to witches, demons, and devils. Montague Summer. In the Salem witch trials, elite men were accused of witchcraft, some of them the same leaders who failed to successfully protect besieged settlements to … In 1692 the small Puritan village of Salem, Massachusetts, was plagued by a sudden and brief cloud of witchcraft accusations. Historian Marion Starkey suggests that, in this atmosphere, serious conflict may have been inevitable. But it may also offer an explanation for the symptoms of people who were “bewitched” in Salem. Nehemiah Abbott, Jr. was released because the accusers agreed he was not the person whose specter had afflicted them. "Essay IV Against modern Sadducism in the matter of Witches and Apparitions" in Essay on several important subjects in philosophy and religion, 2nd Ed, London; printed for John Baker and H. Mortlock, 1676, pp. Presumptions whereupon persons may be committed, and, much more, convictions whereupon persons may be condemned as guilty of witchcrafts, ought certainly to be more considerable than barely the accused person's being represented by a specter unto the afflicted; inasmuch as it is an undoubted and notorious thing, that a demon may, by God's permission, appear, even to ill purposes, in the shape of an innocent, yea, and a virtuous man. Salem Witch Trials quickly became famous and researchers began exploring the multiple possibilities behind the trials. [40], The first three people accused and arrested for allegedly afflicting Betty Parris, Abigail Williams, 12-year-old Ann Putnam, Jr., and Elizabeth Hubbard,[14] were Sarah Good, Sarah Osborne, and Tituba—with Tituba being the first. The others were listed only as "certain other persons", phrasing which failed specifically to name Bridget Bishop, Susannah Martin, Alice Parker, Wilmot Redd and Margaret Scott. Alleged witches underwent brutal “tests” in Salem, including being stripped and examined for any strange blemishes. TDR / The Drama Review, 2018, Vol. In this unfortunate event, Puritan colonists in Salem, Massachusetts, were… ", For more information about family relationships, see. Historian Mary Beth Norton believes that the Native American Wars may have impacted the trials in another way. In other words, they wanted to believe that the devil was threatening them instead of their own weaknesses. “The most active period of the witchcraft trials (mainly in Europe) coincides with a period of lower-than-average temperature known to climatologists as the ‘little ice age,'” Oster wrote. More than two hundred people were accused. Known to cause convulsions, hallucinations, and pinching sensations, this fungus is now sometimes used to create LSD. [27], Though the prior ministers' fates and the level of contention in Salem Village were valid reasons for caution in accepting the position, Rev. Events in Salem and Danvers in 1992 were used to commemorate the trials. "Malleus Maleficarum Part I. In late January/early February, the Court sat again in Charlestown, Middlesex County, and held grand juries and tried five people: Sarah Cole (of Lynn), Lydia Dustin and Sarah Dustin, Mary Taylor and Mary Toothaker. [36], Mather illustrates how the Goodwins' eldest child had been tempted by the devil and had stolen linen from the washerwoman Goody Glover. Not even the animals were safe: At least two dogs were executed due to their alleged involvement in witchcraft. Four pleaded guilty and 11 others were tried and found guilty. Over 150 men and women were accused of practicing witchcraft in the Salem village and the surrounding villages. [8] In January 2016, the University of Virginia announced its Gallows Hill Project team had determined the execution site in Salem, where the 19 "witches" had been hanged. 143–159, This page was last edited on 10 February 2021, at 04:36. Sarah Osborne, one of the first three persons accused, died in jail on May 10, 1692. According to this theory, the Salem tragedy might have been related to the cold weather, more specifically a pursuit for something or someone to blame for the related hardships such as crop failure. The Salem witch trial breaks from this pattern. Here are some of the most likely explanations. Ultimately, we may never know for sure what caused the Salem witch trials. Emigration to New England slowed significantly in these years. Several factors may explain why women were more likely to admit guilt of witchcraft than men. Since the jurist Sir Matthew Hale had permitted this evidence, supported by the eminent philosopher, physician and author Thomas Browne, to be used in the Bury St Edmunds witch trial and the accusations against two Lowestoft women, the colonial magistrates also accepted its validity and their trials proceeded. Chapter 145 of the resolves of 1957, Commonwealth of Massachusetts. At the end of the 17th century, after years of mostly resisting witch hunts and witch trial prosecutions, Puritans in New England suddenly found themselves facing a conspiracy of witches in a war against Satan and his minions. This theory is supported by historical records which indicate that the years preceding the Witch Trials were particularly cold. Increase Mather had been working on obtaining the charter for four years, with William Phips often joining him in London and helping him gain entry to Whitehall. 2, no. Some historians believe that the accusation by Ann Putnam, Jr. suggests that a family feud may have been a major cause of the witch trials. (Eds.). Rev. Sarah Good, Elizabeth Howe, Susannah Martin and Sarah Wildes, along with Rebecca Nurse, went to trial at this time, where they were found guilty. Essex County Court Archives, vol. (Philip English and John Alden), but the work is generally attributed to Willard. All were found not guilty. [112] On August 25, 1706, when Ann Putnam Jr., one of the most active accusers, joined the Salem Village church, she publicly asked forgiveness. John Alden by proclamation. But is it really possible that something like ergot poisoning could have caused the Salem witch trials? The Salem Witch Trials of 1692 are one of the iconic events in American history. Listen above to the History Uncovered podcast, episode 12: The Salem Witch Trials, also available on iTunes and Spotify. In mid-July, the constable in Andover invited the afflicted girls from Salem Village to visit with his wife to try to determine who was causing her afflictions. One theory says that a fungus developed in the wheat that was harvested that year. [39], The girls complained of being pinched and pricked with pins. They hid under furniture, cried out in pain, and sometimes even barked like dogs. While many victims were hanged during the Salem witch trials, some faced even more brutal executions. Much of the convictions and accusations were generated from the infamous incidences of … On August 19, 1692, Martha Carrier, George Jacobs Sr., George Burroughs, John Willard, and John Proctor were executed. Immediately following this execution, the court adjourned for 20 days (until June 30) while it sought advice from New England's most influential ministers "upon the state of things as they then stood. What really caused this quiet Puritan town to descend into total paranoia and persecution? werewolf panic that once swept through Europe. Notably, ergot poisoning was a highly considered theory for the Salem trials. The Salem witch trials of 1692 led to 200 accusations of witchcraft and 20 executions. While witch trials had begun to fade out across much of Europe by the mid-17th century, they continued on the fringes of Europe and in the American Colonies. Now known as the Salem witch trials, this phenomenon would go on to become the largest witch hunt in American history. Wikimedia CommonsIn reality, authorities scrambled to find “evidence” that alleged witches had powers. But there’s no question that this strange piece of American history remains just as curious today as it was centuries ago. The most infamous application of the belief in effluvia was the touch test used in Andover during preliminary examinations in September 1692. [citation needed], On September 20, Cotton Mather wrote to Stephen Sewall: "That I may be the more capable to assist in lifting up a standard against the infernal enemy", requesting "a narrative of the evidence given in at the trials of half a dozen, or if you please, a dozen, of the principal witches that have been condemned." The next step, at the superior court level, was to summon witnesses before a grand jury.[64]. [3] It was not unique, but a Colonial American example of the much broader phenomenon of witch trials in the early modern period, which took place also in Europe. A person could be indicted on charges of afflicting with witchcraft,[65] or for making an unlawful covenant with the Devil. The manifestations attributed to the disease quickly became associated with witchcraft. Those tried and found guilty were considered dead in the eyes of the law, and with convictions still on the books, those not executed were vulnerable to further accusations. 62, No. Of course, it wasn’t just young people who were making claims about alleged witches. [43], Tituba, an enslaved South American Indian woman from the West Indies, likely became a target because of her ethnic differences from most of the other villagers. She was accused of attracting girls like Abigail Williams and Betty Parris with stories of enchantment from Malleus Maleficarum. "Examination and Evidence of Some Accused Witches in Salem, 1692. And this boredom may help to explain why Betty Parris and Abigail Williams became so interested in fortune-telling, which was allegedly introduced to them by a slave named Tituba. Only fourteen other women and two men had been executed in Massachusetts and Connecticut during the 17th century. They intended to build a society based on their religious beliefs. In 1692, the quiet Puritan settlement of Salem, Massachusetts descended into madness when its residents suddenly began accusing each other of witchcraft. On April 30, Reverend George Burroughs, Lydia Dustin, Susannah Martin, Dorcas Hoar, Sarah Morey, and Philip English (Mary's husband) were arrested. In May 1709, twenty-two people who had been convicted of witchcraft, or whose relatives had been convicted of witchcraft, presented the government with a petition in which they demanded both a reversal of attainder and compensation for financial losses.[111]. News of Mather's charter and the appointment of Phips as the new governor had reached Boston by late January,[20] and a copy of the new charter reached Boston on February 8, 1692. Keep Reading. [33] Throughout their daily lives, Puritans, especially Puritan women, actively attempted to thwart attempts by the Devil to overtake them and their souls. Indeed, Puritans held the belief that men and women were equal in the eyes of God, but not in the eyes of the Devil. The publication A Tryal of Witches, related to the 1662 Bury St Edmunds witch trial, was used by the magistrates at Salem when looking for a precedent in allowing spectral evidence. It is very certain that the Devils have sometimes represented the Shapes of persons not only innocent, but also very virtuous. Historian Clarence F. Jewett included a list of other people executed in New England in his 1881 book.[16]. "[86], Tituba's race has often been described in later accounts as of Carib-Indian or African descent, but contemporary sources describe her only as an "Indian". Nevertheless, we cannot but humbly recommend unto the government, the speedy and vigorous prosecution of such as have rendered themselves obnoxious, according to the direction given in the laws of God, and the wholesome statutes of the English nation, for the detection of witchcrafts. When he was upon the Ladder, he made a speech for the clearing of his Innocency, with such Solemn and Serious Expressions as were to the Admiration of all present; his Prayer (which he concluded by repeating the Lord's Prayer) [as witches were not supposed to be able to recite] was so well worded, and uttered with such composedness as such fervency of spirit, as was very Affecting, and drew Tears from many, so that if seemed to some that the spectators would hinder the execution. [103], On December 17, 1696, the General Court ruled that there would be a fast day on January 14, 1697, "referring to the late Tragedy, raised among us by Satan and his Instruments. Warrants were issued for 36 more people, with examinations continuing to take place in Salem Village: Sarah Dustin (daughter of Lydia Dustin), Ann Sears, Bethiah Carter Sr. and her daughter Bethiah Carter Jr., George Jacobs, Sr. and his granddaughter Margaret Jacobs, John Willard, Alice Parker, Ann Pudeator, Abigail Soames, George Jacobs, Jr. (son of George Jacobs, Sr. and father of Margaret Jacobs), Daniel Andrew, Rebecca Jacobs (wife of George Jacobs, Jr. and sister of Daniel Andrew), Sarah Buckley and her daughter Mary Witheridge. They wonder if the girls were merely bored or felt pressure to make up stories. Bishop was described as not living a Puritan lifestyle, for she wore black clothing and odd costumes, which was against the Puritan code. Samuel Parris, the father of Betty Parris, called for a physician to look at the girls. [98] Writing anonymously to conceal his dissent, he published a short tract entitled "Some Miscellany Observations On our present Debates respecting Witchcrafts, in a Dialogue Between S. & B." Bishop was executed by hanging on June 10, 1692. Hundreds of books have been written about the Salem Witch Trials since they first took place in 1692. Martha Corey had expressed skepticism about the credibility of the girls' accusations and thus drawn attention. He did not seem able to settle his new parishioners' disputes: by deliberately seeking out "iniquitous behavior" in his congregation and making church members in good standing suffer public penance for small infractions, he contributed significantly to the tension within the village. In September, grand juries indicted 18 more people. The third minister, Deodat Lawson (1684–88), stayed for a short time, leaving after the church in Salem refused to ordain him—and therefore not over issues with the congregation. 336–337. Andros was ousted in 1689 after the "Glorious Revolution" in England replaced the Catholic James II with the Protestant co-rulers William and Mary. At her trial, she was accused of rejecting Puritan ideals of self-control and discipline when she chose to torment and "scorn [children] instead of leading them towards the path of salvation". Questions VII & XI. Massachusetts State Archives. [105] Thomas Fiske and eleven other trial jurors also asked forgiveness. Mass hysteria has been defined as the “rapid spread of conversion disorder, a condition involving the appearance of bodily complaints for which there is no organic basis. [80], According to a March 27, 1692 entry by Parris in the Records of the Salem-Village Church, a church member and close neighbor of Rev. In his book Memorable Providences Relating to Witchcrafts and Possessions (1689), Mather describes his "oracular observations" and how "stupendous witchcraft" had affected the children of Boston mason John Goodwin. While mass hysteria is usually associated with the time that the trials were happening, some have proposed that it may have caused them as well. [122], Many interpretations have taken liberties with the facts of the historical episode in the name of literary and/or artistic license. [81], Traditionally, the allegedly afflicted girls are said to have been entertained by Parris' slave, Tituba. There were four execution dates, with one person executed on June 10, 1692,[67] five executed on July 19, 1692 (Sarah Good, Rebecca Nurse, Susannah Martin, Elizabeth Howe and Sarah Wildes),[68] another five executed on August 19, 1692 (Martha Carrier, John Willard, George Burroughs, George Jacobs, Sr., and John Proctor), and eight on September 22, 1692 (Mary Eastey, Martha Corey, Ann Pudeator, Samuel Wardwell, Mary Parker, Alice Parker, Wilmot Redd and Margaret Scott). [15], The earliest recorded witchcraft execution was that of Alse Young in 1647 in Hartford, Connecticut. "[71], As convicted witches, Rebecca Nurse and Martha Corey had been excommunicated from their churches and denied proper burials. On September 19, 1692, Giles Corey refused to plead at arraignment, and was killed by peine forte et dure, a form of torture in which the subject is pressed beneath an increasingly heavy load of stones, in an attempt to make him enter a plea. Noble gained a reputation for his dramatic paintings of abolitionist subjects, and later turned to the Salem witch trials for another powerful moral theme. After extensive efforts by Paula Keene, a Salem schoolteacher, state representatives J. Michael Ruane and Paul Tirone, along with others, issued a bill whereby the names of all those not previously listed were to be added to this resolution. The Salem witch trials took place between February of 1962 and May of 1963. The city dedicated the Proctor's Ledge Memorial to the victims there in 2017.[9][10]. Lydia Dustin died in jail on March 10, 1693. "[107], Various petitions were filed between 1700 and 1703 with the Massachusetts government, demanding that the convictions be formally reversed. [17] The original 1629 Royal Charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony was vacated in 1684,[18] after which King James II installed Sir Edmund Andros as the governor of the Dominion of New England. Elizabeth Proctor was given a temporary stay of execution because she was pregnant. “The colder temperatures increased the frequency of crop failure, and colder seas prevented cod and other fish from migrating as far north, eliminating this vital food source for some northern areas of Europe.”. According to historian George Lincoln Burr, "the Salem witchcraft was the rock on which the theocracy shattered. Grand juries were held for many of those remaining in jail. The exact cause of the Salem Witch Trials has long remained a mystery. The Examination of Bridget Bishop, April 19, 1692. Historian Elizabeth Reis asserts that some likely believed they had truly given in to the Devil, and others might have believed they had done so temporarily. [10] Members of the Gallows Hill Project had worked with the city of Salem using old maps and documentation, as well as sophisticated GIS and ground-penetrating radar technology, to survey the area of what became known as Proctor's Ledge. If such upstanding people could be witches, the townspeople thought, then anybody could be a witch, and church membership was no protection from accusation. At the end of April, the Court convened in Boston, Suffolk County, and cleared Capt. After all, most of the people accused of being witches were adults. The witch trials began in early 1692 after 9-year-old Betty Parris and her 11-year-old cousin Abigail Williams began to exhibit some strange behavior. The amount of £578 12s was authorized to be divided among the survivors and relatives of those accused, and most of the accounts were settled within a year,[114] but Phillip English's extensive claims were not settled until 1718. Since then, the Salem witch trials have fascinated and perplexed scholars like few other episodes in American history. The first two ministers, James Bayley (1673–79) and George Burroughs (1680–83), stayed only a few years each, departing after the congregation failed to pay their full rate. Speakers at the ceremony in August included playwright Arthur Miller and Nobel Laureate Elie Wiesel. The Salem witch trials occurred in colonial Massachusetts between 1692 and 1693. Some Puritans and other religious minorities had sought refuge in the Netherlands but ultimately many made a major migration to colonial North America to establish their own society. Oster posited that “people would have searched for a scapegoat in the face of deadly changes in weather patterns.” As it turns out, the year 1692 fell right in the middle of a 50-year-long cold spell from 1680 to 1730, giving some weight to the theory. A witch's teat was said to be a mole or blemish somewhere on the body that was insensitive to touch; discovery of such insensitive areas was considered de facto evidence of witchcraft.[91]. 44 Ancient Egypt Facts That Separate Myth From Truth, Rare Prehistoric "Living Fossil" Caught By Fishermen, What Stephen Hawking Thinks Threatens Humankind The Most, 27 Raw Images Of When Punk Ruled New York, Join The All That's Interesting Weekly Dispatch. Perhaps the most infamous case was Giles Corey, an 80-year-old farmer who refused to stand trial after being accused of wizardry. A doctor, historically assumed to be William Griggs,[14] could find no physical evidence of any ailment. Bernard Rosenthal, "Medievalism and the Salem Witch Trials," in: Protests against early modern witch trials, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Cultural depictions of the Salem witch trials, Medical and psychological explanations of bewitchment, List of wrongful convictions in the United States, "Six Victims of 1692 Salem Witch Trials "Cleared" by Massachusetts...", "Massachusetts Clears 5 From Salem Witch Trials", "Salem may pardon accused witches of 1692", "On 325th anniversary, city dedicates Proctor's Ledge memorial to Salem Witch Trials victims", "Memorable Providence, Relating to Witchcraft and Possessions", "Examination of Dorothy Good, As Told by Deodat Lawson", Virginia.edu Salem witch trials (archives), "Massachusetts Archives: Superior Court of Judicature Witchcraft Trials (January–May 1693), Cases Heard". One theory suggests that the Native American Wars may have contributed to the hysteria that took hold in Salem in 1692. (1977). 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